A brake pedal feels soft and spongy. What is the most likely cause?
- A failed vacuum brake booster
- Glazed brake pads and rotors
- A seized caliper slide pin
- Air in the hydraulic system
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D. Air in the hydraulic system
Air compresses, so pedal travel is used up squeezing the air instead of applying the brakes, and the pedal feels springy. A failed booster gives the opposite feel: a hard pedal that needs high effort.
Reference: Brake pedal feel diagnosis; bleeding
Two 6-ohm resistors are connected in series across a 12-volt battery. How much current flows?
- 2 amps
- 4 amps
- 1 amp
- 72 amps
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C. 1 amp
Series resistances add: 6 + 6 = 12 ohms, and 12 V / 12 ohms = 1 A. The answer 4 A comes from treating the resistors as if they were in parallel (3 ohms).
Reference: Ohm's law; series circuits
A scan tool shows long-term fuel trim of +18%. What is the computer doing?
- Removing fuel to correct a rich condition
- Advancing spark to correct a lean condition
- Retarding spark to correct a rich condition
- Adding fuel to correct a lean condition
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D. Adding fuel to correct a lean condition
Positive trim means the computer has lengthened injector pulse because the oxygen sensor reported lean. Negative trim means it is taking fuel away. Fuel trim is about fuel delivery, not spark timing.
Reference: Fuel control; short-term and long-term fuel trim
A cylinder reads low on a compression test. After a small amount of oil is squirted into the cylinder, the reading rises sharply. What does this indicate?
- A burnt or leaking exhaust valve
- A blown cylinder head gasket
- Worn piston rings or cylinder wall
- A worn camshaft lobe or lifter
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C. Worn piston rings or cylinder wall
The oil temporarily seals the gap between the rings and the cylinder wall, so a big rise on the wet test points to ring or cylinder wear. Oil cannot seal a leaking valve or head gasket, so those faults show little change.
Reference: Engine mechanical testing; wet compression test
What is the job of the expansion valve or orifice tube?
- Pumping refrigerant and raising its pressure
- Metering refrigerant and dropping its pressure
- Storing refrigerant and removing moisture
- Cooling refrigerant with outside airflow
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B. Metering refrigerant and dropping its pressure
The metering device is the dividing point between the high and low sides. It restricts the flow of liquid so the pressure falls and the refrigerant can boil at a low temperature in the evaporator.
Reference: Refrigeration cycle; metering devices